Caracterización clínica-epidemiológica de las Bronquiolitis en pacientes pediátricos / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of Bronchiolitis in pediatric patients / Caracterização clínico-epidemiológica da bronquiolite em pacientes pediátricos

RESUMEN La Bronquiolitis es una infección respiratoria baja frecuente en el paciente menor de 2 años y sobre todo en el lactante, es provocada fundamentalmente por la infección del Virus Sincitial Respiratorio (VSR) en pocas ocasiones puede evolucionar hacia la forma grave en pacientes sobre todo si existen factores de riesgos importantes. Con el objetivo de determinar las variables socio-demográficas, evaluar las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes, los factores de riesgos más frecuentes en la población estudio, describir los meses de mayor morbilidad por áreas de salud ,además de clasificar los pacientes según la evolución de la enfermedad que padecen se realizan estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal de pacientes pediátricos ingresados con diagnóstico clínico de Bronquiolitis Aguda, en la sala de afecciones respiratorias del Hospital Docente "Mártires de Jiguaní" en el periodo comprendido entre enero 2015 - diciembre del 2017. En nuestro estudio predominó el sexo masculino y la edad comprendida entre 4 meses y 6 meses de edad. La dificultad respiratoria, la polipnea, el tiraje, la tos y Rinorrea serosa constituyeron las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuente. El área de salud perteneciente al policlínico Edor de los Reyes fueron los que más casos tributaron hacia el Hospital Mártires de Jiguaní, entre los factores de riesgos para padecer una BA están la edad menor de 6 meses, la no lactancia materna, el hábito de fumar en los padres y/o tutores y el bajo nivel socioeconómica. La Bronquiolitis aguda (BA) constituye un problema de salud que debe ser afrontado de forma adecuada por parte del personal médico.

ABSTRACT Bronchiolitis is a frequent lower respiratory infection in patients under 2 years of age and especially in infants, it is mainly caused by the infection of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) on few occasions it can evolve towards the severe form in patients especially if they exist important risk factors. n order to determine the socio-demographic variables, evaluate the most frequent clinical manifestations, the most frequent risk factors in the study population, describe the months of greatest morbidity by health areas, in addition to classifying the patients according to the evolution of the disease. disease they suffer, a descriptive, prospective and longitudinal study of pediatric patients admitted with a clinical diagnosis of Acute Bronchiolitis was carried out in the respiratory diseases room of the "Mártires de Jiguaní" Teaching Hospital in the period between January 2015 - December 2017. In our study predominated the male sex and the age between 4 months and 6 months old. Respiratory difficulty, polypnea, drawing, cough, and serous rhinorrhea were the most frequent clinical manifestations. The health area belonging to the Edor de los Reyes polyclinic were the ones that paid the most cases to the Mártires de Jiguaní Hospital, among the risk factors for suffering from BA are being under 6 months of age, not breastfeeding, and smoking in parents and / or guardians and low socioeconomic status. Acute bronchiolitis (AB) constitutes a health problem that must be adequately addressed by medical personnel.

RESUMO A bronquiolite é uma infecção respiratória inferior frequente em pacientes com menos de 2 anos de idade e especialmente em crianças, é causada principalmente pela infecção do Vírus Sincicial Respiratório (VSR) em poucas ocasiões, podendo evoluir para a forma grave em pacientes, especialmente se eles existirem fatores de risco importantes. Para determinar as variáveis ​​sociodemográficas, avaliar as manifestações clínicas mais frequentes, os fatores de risco mais frequentes na população em estudo, descrever os meses de maior morbidade por áreas de saúde, além de classificar os pacientes de acordo com a evolução da doença .doença de que sofrem, estudo descritivo, prospectivo e longitudinal de pacientes pediátricos internados com diagnóstico clínico de Bronquiolite Aguda, realizado na Sala de Doenças Respiratórias do Hospital Universitário "Mártires de Jiguaní" no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2017. Em nosso estudo predominou o sexo masculino e a idade entre 4 meses e 6 meses. Dificuldades respiratórias, polipneia, desenho, tosse e rinorreia serosa foram as manifestações clínicas mais frequentes. A área de saúde pertencente à policlínica Edor de los Reyes foi a que mais atendeu ao Hospital Mártires de Jiguaní, entre os fatores de risco para ter BA estão menores de 6 meses, não amamentar, tabagismo nos pais e / ou responsáveis ​​e baixo nível socioeconômico. A bronquiolite aguda (AB) constitui um problema de saúde que deve ser tratado de forma adequada pelo pessoal médico.

Actualización de la bronquiolitis aguda / Acute bronchiolitis update

La bronquiolitis aguda es una condición respiratoria frecuente en los niños menores de 2 años. Representa la principal causa de hospitalización infantil y se caracteriza por la presencia de sibilancias asociada a signos de una infección respiratoria alta. El agente etiológico más común es el virus respiratorio sincicial. Existe una falta de consenso con respecto a su definición clínica; y por ello, su tratamiento varía en todo el mundo. El diagnóstico es clínico, sin necesidad de emplear laboratorio o imágenes en forma rutinaria. Diversas revisiones han demostrado que los broncodilatadores, adrenalina, corticoides y antibióticos, entre otros, carecen de eficacia por lo que no se sugiere su empleo. El tratamiento sigue siendo de soporte, mediante la administración de oxígeno y manteniendo una adecuada hidratación. Cuando no se logra disminuir el trabajo respiratorio o corregir la hipoxemia se puede utilizar la presión positiva en la vía aérea para prevenir y controlar la insuficiencia respiratoria. Este artículo desarrolla una breve revisión de las principales características clínicas, epidemiológicas, radiológicas, así como algunos de los diferentes tratamientos publicados en las últimas dos décadas.

Acute bronchiolitis is a common respiratory condition in children under 2 years old. It represents the main cause of childhood hospitalization characterized by the presence of wheezing associated with signs of an upper respiratory infection. The most common etiologic agent is respiratory syncytial virus. There is a lack of consensus regarding its clinical definition; and therefore, its treatment varies around the world. Diagnosis is clinical, without the need for routine laboratory or imaging. Various reviews have shown that bronchodilators, epinephrine, corticosteroids, and antibiotics, among others, lack efficacy, so their use is not suggested. Treatment continues to be supportive, by administering oxygen and maintaining adequate hydration. When it is not possible to reduce the work of breathing or correct the hypoxemia, positive airway pressure can be used to prevent and control respiratory failure. This article develops a brief review of the main clinical, epidemiological, and radiological characteristics, as well as some of the different treatments published in the last two decades.

Comparing the effect of zinc gluconate and placebo in the treatment of tachypnea, dyspnea and fever in children aged 2 to 23 months with acute bronchiolitis

Background:Acute viral bronchiolitis is the most common infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants under 2 years and is one of the reasons for their admission all around the world. The aim of this study was comparing the effect of zinc gluconate and placebo in the treatment of tachypnea, dyspnea and fever in children aged 2to 23 months with acute bronchiolitis.Methods:This randomized clinical trial study has been done on 100 infants aged 2to 32 months with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis who divided in two groups. 50 patients received zinc gluconate and 50 patients received placebo. The symptoms and sign of the disease at baseline and then at 24, 72, and 7 days after starting treatment and duration of hospitalization were compared between the two groups.Results:The treatment and placebo groups were similar in respect to mean age and gender distribution. Two groups were similar in terms of clinical symptoms and signs at the time of admission. Bronchiolitis recovery was better in the treatment group than in the placebo group. This positive effect was statistically significant for vising (p=0.023) and rhinorrhea (p=0.027) at 72 hours after starting treatment. The mean duration of hospitalization was significantly less in the treatment group than in the placebo group (4.14±1.21 versus 4.64±1.2 days; p=0.016). Conclusions: Results showed that the use of zinc gluconate as a zinc supplement in infants with acute bronchiolitis could improve their clinical symptoms and signs and decrease the duration of hospitalization

Effect of nasal suction on reliving feeding difficulty in children affected with bronchiolitis

Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common disease of the lower respiratory tract during the first year of life. Although bronchiolitis is a prevalent illness in India, very few studies are performed in India regarding management of bronchiolitis. Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment concentrating on fluid replacement and gentle suctioning of nasal secretions, oxygen therapy, and respiratory support if necessary. Infants affected with bronchiolitis also have feeding difficulty which will lead to dehydration and also increase the severity of disease.Methods: A prospective randomized control study was performed in the department of Pediatrics SSMC Rewa. Nasal suction was performed in 75 patients classified under the case group. Feeding difficulty was assessed before and after the suction for 24 hours.Results: We noted that after the first episode of nasal suction which is at 0th hour feeding difficulty was persisted in most of the patients. The p-value was 0.1148 which is not significant. But from 4th hour till the 16th hour the difficulty in feeding decreased after the nasal suction, and by Chi-square test this improvement was statistically. From 20th hour difficulty in feeding still improved after nasal suction but this change was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Nasal suction is an effective supportive treatment in the patients with bronchiolitis and by its use it improves the feeding in the infants suffering from bronchiolitis.

Validación del score clínico de Tal modificado para la evaluación de severidad en bronquiolitis

Introducción: se dispone de diferentes scores para evaluar la severidad de la bronquiolitis. En Uruguay se utiliza la escala de Tal modificada. A pesar de su uso generalizado no existen datos acerca de su validez como prueba diagnóstica. Objetivo: validar la escala clínica de Tal modificada en menores de 24 meses hospitalizados con bronquiolitis. Material y métodos: estudio transversal de menores de 24 meses hospitalizados en dos prestadores de salud con primer episodio de bronquiolitis. Se realizó en dos etapas: 1) Piloto, junio-julio 2016, para homogeneizar criterios y analizar concordancia (N=28); 2) Validación, junio-julio 2017 (N=110). La reproductibilidad se midió con la fiabilidad mediante coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Se consideró significativo p<0,05. La validez se evaluó a través de la apariencia lógica de la escala. Resultados: la correlación interobservador para la escala global fue 0,97 (p<0,01). Las correlaciones interobservador para cada ítem fueron: frecuencia respiratoria 0,88; sibilancias 0,79; saturación de oxígeno 0,97, y retracciones 0,93 (p<0,01). El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para toda la escala fue 0,35. Al eliminar un ítem por vez, el coeficiente fue: sin frecuencia respiratoria 0,35; sin sibilancias 0,36; sin saturación de oxígeno 0,33, y sin retracciones 0,07. Discusión y conclusiones: se observó elevada fiabilidad interobservador. Esto refuerza la necesidad de entrenamiento previo y la importancia de la experticia en la aplicación de instrumentos con varios componentes clínicos. La fiabilidad de la escala de Tal modificada es baja y el grado de correlación entre sus diferentes ítems inadecuado. Es necesario analizar críticamente estos resultados para mejorar la toma de decisiones.

Summary: Introduction: different scores are available to assess the severity of bronchiolitis. In Uruguay the modified Tal score is used. Despite its widespread use, there are no data on its validity as a diagnostic test. Objective: to validate the clinical modified Tal score in children less than 24 months hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Material and methods: a cross-sectional study of children under 24 months hospitalized in two providers with 1st episode of bronchiolitis. In 2 stages: (1) Pilot, June-July 2016, to homogenize criteria and analyze concordance (N = 28). (2) Validation, June-July 2017 (N = 110). Reproducibility was measured with reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. When p <0.05 it was considered relevant. Validity was assessed through the logical appearance of the scale. Results: inter-observer correlation for the global scale was 0.97 (p <0.01). Inter-observer correlations for each item were: respiratory rate 0.88, wheezing 0.79, oxygen saturation 0.97 and retractions 0.93 (p <0.01). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the full scale was 0.35. When removing one item at a time, the coefficient was: no respiratory rate 0.35; without wheezing 0.36; without oxygen saturation 0.33 and without retractions 0,07. Discussion-conclusions: high inter-observer reliability was observed. This reinforces the need for prior training and the importance of expertise in the application of instruments with various clinical components. The reliability of the modified Tal score is low and the degree of correlation between its different items is inadequate. These results need to be critically analyzed to improve decision making.

Introdução: podem-se utilizar diferentes escores para avaliar a gravidade da bronquiolite. No Uruguai, utilizou -se a escala modificada de Tal. Apesar de seu uso generalizado, não há dados sobre sua validade como teste diagnóstico. Objetivo: validar a escala clínica de Tal modificada em crianças com menos de 24 meses de idade internados com bronquiolite. Material e métodos: estudo transversal realizado com crianças menores de 24 meses internadas internadas em dois centros de saúde com primeiro episódio de bronquiolite. Foi realizado em duas etapas: 1) Piloto, junho-julho de 2016, para homogeneizar critérios e analisar concordância (N = 28); 2) Validação, junho a julho de 2017 (N = 110). A reprodutibilidade foi medida com confiabilidade pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Considerou-se significativo p <0,05. A validade foi avaliada por meio de a aparência lógica da escala. Resultados: a correlação interobservador para a escala global foi de 0,97 (p <0,01). As correlações interobservadores para cada item foram: freqüência respiratória 0,88; sibilância 0,79; Saturação de oxigênio 0,97 e retrações 0,93 (p <0,01). O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para toda a escala foi de 0,35. Ao eliminar um item de cada vez, o coeficiente foi: sem frequência respiratória de 0,35; sem chiado 0,36; sem saturação de oxigênio 0,33 e sem retrações 0,07. Discussão-conclusões: observamos alta confiabilidade interobservador. Isso reforça a necessidade de treinamento prévio e a importância da expertise na aplicação de instrumentos com vários componentes clínicos. A confiabilidade da escala de Tal modificada é baixa e o grau de correlação entre os seus diferentes itens foi inadequada. É necessário analisar os resultados criticamente para a tomada de decisão.

Comparing the efficacy of 7%, 5% hypertonic saline and 0.9% normal saline in acute bronchiolitis: a randomized controlled trial

Background: The study aimed to investigate the effect of nebulized 5% and 7% Hypertonic Saline (HS) versus Normal Saline (NS) in acute viral bronchiolitis.Methods: This is a prospective, randomized controlled trial study that has been done on 90 infants presenting with acute bronchiolitis. All infants divided randomly in three equal size and matched groups (n=30). Subjects received 4ml nebulized 5% and 7% HS along with 0.15mg/kg Adrenaline or 4 ml 0.9%NS every 6 hours from enrolment until hospital discharge. For all patients, clinical symptoms such as sputum, wheezing, retraction rate, heart rate, fever, crackle, irritability, week nutrition and breathing were recorded in baseline and length of wheezing, cough, and crackle, length of stay (LOS), fever and sputum based on days in the end of study. Collected data analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS.19.Results: At baseline, study groups were similar in demographic and clinical characteristics. The mean age of all patients was 5.5±3.6 months, and 59 (65.6%) were male. The length of cough and crackle, and the length of LOS in 5% and 7% HS groups was significantly lower than NS group.Conclusions: Among infants admitted to the hospital with viral bronchiolitis, treatment with nebulized 5% HS and 7% HS had significant effect on decreasing clinical symptoms length and LOS when compared with NS.

Apego a guías clínicas para el manejo de bronquiolitis / Use of the evidence-based guidelines for management of bronchiolitis

Introducción: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si la atención médica que recibieron pacientes menores de 5 años con bronquiolitis aguda se realizó de acuerdo con lo que establecen las guías de manejo clínico de esta enfermedad. Métodos: Se revisaron 197 expedientes de niños hospitalizados durante 2012 y 2013 para saber si se emplearon las recomendaciones de las guías: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), Sector Salud, México (SS) y Guía Práctica Clínica Bronquiolitis, España (GPCBA). Resultados: Se atendieron 197 niños por 49 pediatras. De las acciones recomendadas en las guías, en 110 niños se aspiraron secreciones (55.8%), a 105 se les administró oxígeno suplementario (53%) y 63 recibieron una solución hipertónica inhalada (31.9%). En cuanto a las acciones no recomendadas, en 166 de ellos se emplearon broncodilatadores inhalados (84%), a 143 se les dio esteroides inhalados (72%), a 110 se les indicó antibióticos (55.8%), en 76 se empleó humidificador (38%) y 52 recibieron esteroides sistémicos (26.3%). Cabe mencionar que los médicos con menos de 10 años de experiencia dieron a los niños más esteroides sistémicos. Conclusiones: A pesar de la difusión de las guías de buena práctica clínica para el manejo de la bronquiolitis aguda, su adopción no ha sido completa.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the medical care of children < 5 years of age with acute bronchiolitis in relation to the most relevant practices of evidence-based guidelines for bronchiolitis. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 197 hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis during 2012 to 2013 to analyse whether the guideline recommendations were used according to: American Academic of Pediatritians (AAP), Scotish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), Sector Salud México (SS), and Guía Práctica Clínica Bronquiolitis, España (GPCBA). Results: We evaluated 197 patients attended by 49 pediatricians. Of the recommended actions, in 110 patients (55.8%) aspirate secretions were indicated, 105 patients (53%) received supplemental oxygen and 63 patients (31.9%) used inhaled hypertonic solution. Non-recommended actions were carried out in 166 patients (84%) who received inhaled bronchodilators, 143 patients (72%) who inhaled steroids, 110 patients (55.8%) who were prescribed antibiotics, 76 patients (38%) who had nebulization and 52 patients (26.3%) were administered systemic steroids. Physicians with < 10 years of expertise prescribed more systemic steroids. Conclusions: Despite the dissemination of good clinical practice guidelines for the management of acute bronchiolitis, its adoption has not been totally completed.

Kinesioterapia respiratoria en la bronquiolitis aguda: estrategia terapéutica, bases fisiológicas e impacto clínico / Chest physical therapy in acute bronchiolitis: therapeutic strategies, physiological basis and clinical impact

Acute bronchiolitis (AB) is a common acute respiratory disease that affects children younger than 2 years. The main etiological factor is given by respiratory syncytial virus. The role of chest physical therapy (CPT) in the management of this condition has been studied in recent years with discrepant results because conventional CPT has been designed for use in adult patients, which significantly compromises external validity of the studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of these treatment protocols in infants. In this sense prolonged slow expiration (PSE) arises as a therapeutic alternative, since the physiological purpose of its implementation responds to the mechanism by which the respiratory function deteriorates in this patient´s group. In recent years, successive reports have been published regarding the benefits PSE technique on the clinical course of patients with AB, which have shown that helps to reduce the hyperinflation and improve airway clearance in infant, without triggering dynamic hyperinflation. In the present review were addressed in an integrated manner the most relevant aspects related to bronchial obstruction mechanism in infant, physiological effect and impact of PSE. This report intended to be a contribution to advance the development of future research that will contribute to enrich the knowledge of this discipline.

La bronquiolitis aguda (BA) es una enfermedad respiratoria aguda frecuente que afecta a niños menores de 2 años, siendo su principal agente etiológico el virus respiratorio sincicial. El rol de la kinesioterapia respiratoria(KTR) en el manejo de esta patología ha sido materia de estudio en los últimos años con resultados discrepantes debido a que las técnicas de KTR convencional han sido diseñadas para su aplicación en el paciente adulto, lo que compromete significativamente la validez externa de los estudios que han evaluado la efectividad de estos protocolos terapéuticos en lactantes. En este contexto, surge la técnica de espiración lenta prolongada (ELPr) como alternativa terapéutica, puesto que el sustrato fisiológico de su ejecución responde al mecanismo mediante el cual se deteriora funcionalmente la mecánica ventilatoria en este grupo de pacientes. En los últimos años, se han publicado reportes consecutivos respecto a los beneficios de la técnica de ELPr sobre el curso clínico de los pacientes con BA, donde se ha observado contribuye a reducir la hiperinsuflación y permeabilizar la vía aérea del lactante, sin gatillar hiperinsuflación dinámica; pilares claves en la disfunción respiratoria en estos pacientes. En la presente revisión se abordaron de manera integrada los aspectos más relevantes vinculados a mecanismo de obstrucción bronquial del lactante, efecto fisiológico de la ELPr e impacto cínico de su ejecución. Datos que pretenden ser un aporte para avanzar en el desarrollo de investigaciones futuras que contribuyan a enriquecer el conocimiento de esta disciplina.

Association between the clinical index and disease severity in infants with acute bronchiolitis

PURPOSE: We aimed to verify whether the formal clinical index derived from infants and toddlers have a good association with the disease severity when we confine subjects to only infants, who undergo profound changes physically and immunologically. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2011 in three hospitals. The age, respiratory rate, presentation of chest retraction, and percutaneous oxygen saturation upon admission; presentation of fever, use of oxygen therapy and inhaled corticosteroid within 24 hours after admission were investigated. We then examined the effect of clinical index on severity of acute bronchiolitis; the mean length of stay, mean duration of fever and oxygen therapy. RESULTS: A total of 172 infants were studied. The mean length of stay was longer in patients younger than 3 months (P=0.015), in those with fever (P=0.028) and chest retraction (P=0.014), and in those who needed oxygen supplement (P=0.000). In the patients with fever, the mean duration of fever was longer in those who needed the oxygen supplement than those who did not (P=0.046). CONCLUSION: Younger than 3 months of age, chest retraction upon admission; fever, need of oxygen supplement within 24 hours after admission may predict the severe course of infants with acute bronchiolitis.

Sibilancias recurrentes en el niño / Recurrent wheezes in the child

Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron identificar algunas características y factores de riesgo en niños con sibilancias recurrentes, un decenio después del primer episodio de bronquiolitis aguda por virus sincitial respiratorio. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, de tipo longitudinal, con 34 niños que se clasificaron en sibilantes transitorios y sibilantes persistentes. Se identificaron factores de riesgo y factores socioeconómicos y ambientales. Se realizaron pruebas cutáneas de sensibilidad con aeroalergenos. Se observaron sibilancias persistentes en 22 pacientes (64,7 por ciento) y sibilancias transitorias en 12 (35,3 por ciento). El antecedente atópico familiar màs frecuente fue el asma bronquial, con predominio en los niños con sibilancias persistentes (68,1 por ciento). El destete precoz constituyó el antecedente personal más frecuente. El hábito de fumar y la asistencia a círculos infantiles fueron los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos y ambientales que predominaron (63,6 por ciento y 59 por ciento, respectivamente), en especial en niños con sibilancias persistentes. Requirieron atención en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Polivalente 6 niños sibilantes persistentes (27,2 por ciento) y solo 1 niño (8,3 por ciento) sibilante transitorio necesitó admisión en dicha unidad. Las pruebas cutáneas de aeroalergenos fueron positivas en 7 niños sibilantes permanentes (31,8 por ciento) y en 1 de los sibilantes transitorios (8,3 por ciento). Las sibilancias recurrentes en el niño después de un primer episodio de bronquiolitis por virus sincitial respiratorio están generalmente asociadas a factores de riesgo, en especial al antecedente atópico familiar y al hábito de fumar. Es muy importante reconocer tempranamente a los niños con riesgo de presentar asma persistente atópica e intervenir terapéuticamente con el fin de evitar el deterioro de la función pulmonar.

The objectives of this research were to identify some characteristics and risk factors in children with recurrent wheezes 10 years after the first episode of acute bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus. A descriptive retrospective longitudinal study was conducted among 34 children that were classified as transient wheezing and persistent wheezing. Risk, socioeconomic and environmental factors were identified. Skin sensitive tests with aeroallergens were performed. Persistent wheezes were observed in 22 patients (64,7 percent) and transient wheezes in 12 (35,3 percent). The most common atopic family history was bronchial asthma with predominance in children with persistent wheezes (68,1 percent). Early weaning was the most frequent personal history. Smoking and the attendance to day care centers were the prevailing socioeconomic and environmental risk factors (63,6 percent and 59 percent, respectively), specially in children with persistent wheezes. Six persistent wheezing children (27,2 percent) required attention at the Polivalent Intensive Care Unit, whereas only one transient wheezing child (8,3 percent) had to be admitted in that unit. The aeroallergen skin-prick tests yielded positive in 7 permanent wheezing children (31,8 percent) and in 1 transient wheezing child (8,3 percent). The recurrent wheezes in the child after a first episode of bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus are generally associated with risk factors, particularly to the atopic family history and smoking. It is very important to early identify the children at risk for presenting atopic persistent asthma and to take therapeutic measures in order to prevent the deterioration of the pulmonary function.

Evolución de los conceptos de asma en la edad preescolar: [revisión] / Evolution of the concepts of asthma at preschool age: [review]

El presente artículo busca presentar brevemente el perfeccionamiento de los conceptos de asma en la edad preescolar y referir la importancia práctica que tienen las definiciones de bronquiolitis aguda del lactante (definición de consenso) y de asma del niño de dos años, a la hora de facilitar la orientación del manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico desde las primeras expresiones de obstrucción bronquio-bronquiolar. La noción de intervención temprana permitirá minimizar la morbilidad y el riesgo de trastornos obstructivos en edades ulteriores.

The objective of this article was to briefly present the improvement of the concepts of asthma at preschool age and to expose the practical importance of the definitions of acute bronchiolitis of the infant (consensus definition) and of asthma in the two-year-old child at the time of facilitating the guidance of the diagnostic and therapeutic management from the first manifestations of bronchiobronchiolar obstruction. The notion of early intervention will allow to minimize morbidity and the risk for obstructive disorders at further ages.

Factores epidemiológicos y evolución clínica de pacientes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis aguda en dos hospitales de Santiago / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized due to acute bronchiolitis in Santiago

Introducción: La bronquiolitis aguda (BA) es una de las patologías más prevalentes en la práctica pediátrica habitual. Objetivos: Comparar las características epidemiológicas de dos grupos de pacientes hospitalizados por BA en centros hospitalarios con diferencias demográficas y evaluar el manejo clínico y su evolución intrahospitalaria (IH). Material y Método: Se realizó una encuesta en forma prospectiva desde Mayo a Octubre 2002 a los padres de pacientes con diagnósticos de ingreso de BA hospitalizados en los Servicios de Pediatría UC (HUC) y Sótero del Río (HSR), incluyendo datos generales, epidemiológicos y antecedentes de patología previa. Junto con esto se registraron los datos de la presentación clínica y evolución IH. Resultados: Se encuestaron 130 pacientes del HSR y 93 del HUC. El promedio de edad fue de 2,5 ± 0,2 meses para el HSR y 6,6 para el HUC (p < 0,0001). Hubo diferencia en la educación de los padres (19,2% básica, 70% media, 10,7% superior en HSR y 2,1% básica 37,6% media y 60,2% superior en HUC p < 0,0001). En cuanto a los factores ambientales se encontró diferencias en la asistencia a sala cuna (2,3% en HSR vs 16,1% en HUC p < 0,0001). La contaminación intradomiciliaria demostró diferencias en el uso de parafina (46,1% en HSR vs 8,6 en HUC p < 0,001), el tabaquismo alcanzó diferencia significativa (38% HSR vs 22% HUC p < 0,02). Respecto al manejo IH, se observó mayor uso de adrenalina en HSR 81,5% vs 44% en HUC (p < 0,001) y la kinesioterapia respiratoria se utilizó en el 86% de los pacientes del HSR y en un 54% de los pacientes UC (p < 0,0001). No hubo diferencias en las complicaciones IH en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: La diferencia de edad y en el nivel SE de los pacientes hospitalizados en ambos centros, no se refleja en la presencia de complicaciones.

Introduction: Acute bronchiolitis (AB) is a frequent respiratory disease in infants. Objectives: To compare epidemiological characteristics of two groups of patients hospitalized due to AB in two hospitals with different SE conditions and to evaluate clinical management and hospital evolution. Methods: We performed a prospective clinical questionnaire between May and October 2002 to parents of infants younger than 2 years admitted with diagnosis of AB at the Pediatric Services of Universidad Católica (HUC) and Sótero del Río (HSR), including general information, epidemiological and previous disease. Clinical presentation and hospital evolution were recorded. Results: A total of 130 questionnaires were done in HSR and 93 in HUC. Mean age was 2,5 ± 0,2 months in HSR vs 6,6 ± 0,6 in HVC (p < 0,0001), with a predominance in males in both centers. Parental education was different (19,2% primary, 70% secondary and 10,7% university in HSR vs 2,15 primary, 37,6% secondary and 60.2 university in HUC p < 0,0001). Day care attendance was different (2,3% in HSR vs 16,1% in HUC, p < 0,0001). Kerosene heating was present in 46,1% in HSR vs 8,6% in HUC (p < 0,001), passive tabacco smoke was 38% in HSR vs 22% in HUC (p < 0,02). Clinical management showed significant differences in several aspects, such as: days of admission (mean of 5,2 days, 4 in HSR vs 4,4 days, in HUC p < 0,001). Adrenaline was given to 81,5% patients in HSR vs 44% in HUC (p < 001) and chest physiotherapy to 86% infants in HSR and 54% in HUC (p < 0,0001). Clinical complications were not different in both groups. Conclusions: Acute bronchiolitis can affect infants independent of their SE conditions. Despite of different SE status, clinical evolution and complications were not different.

IL-5 and IFN-gamma levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in patients with acute asthma and acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis / 천식및알레르기

INTRODUCTION: Our previous BAL study demonstrated that there were different implications of cell types between acute bronchiolitis and acute asthma. No data on airway cytokine responses in these two diseases is available. The aim of this study was to compare the pattern of cytokine response (Th1 or Th2) in the airways between these two diseases. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Using BAL, this study investigated the cytokine levels of BALF in children with acute asthma (n=12, median age 5.0 years) and infants with acute bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n=14, median age 1.4 years). Comparisons were made with normal controls (n=8, median age 5.1 years). BAL cell counts and differentials were determined. Interferon(IFN)-gamma (Th1), interleukin(IL)-4, and IL-5 (Th2) levels were measured in concentrated BALF by ELISA. RESULTS: The IL-5 levels were significantly increased in asthma group (p=0.000) and bronchiolitis group (p=0.023) compared with control group. The IL-5/IFN-gamma ratios were signifi- cantly increased in asthma group (p=0.000) and bronchiolitis group (p=0.039) compared with control group. The asthma group had significant elevations in IL-5 levels (p=0.001) and IL-5/ IFN-gamma ratios (p=0.046) compared to bronchiolitis group. IL-4 levels were at or below the level of detection in all subjects. The number of BAL eosinophils correlated (r=0.71, p=0.002) with the levels of BALF IL-5 in asthma group and bronchiolitis group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that RSV bronchiolitis results in Th2-type response as asthma, which could provide a valuable framework for explaining a link between RSV bron- chiolitis and asthma.